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土壤是指地球陆地表面具有肥力的疏松层。它既是客观存在的自然体,又是劳动人民长期劳动的产物。土壤能供给植物生长所需的水分、养分、空气和热量。土壤又是各种物质和能量转化的场所。表面上看,土壤只不过是一些大小不同的土块和土粒,实际上它是由无机的、有机的、死的、活的、固相、气相和液相组成的一个相当复杂的整体。土壤固相部分含有许多大小不同的颗粒,这些颗粒,除了少部分是有机质外,而95％以上都是由岩石风化而来的矿物质,可以说矿物颗粒是土壤的基本部分。它们的性质与原来的岩石特性有很密切的关系,有的岩石容易风化,有的较难风化,分解出来的颗粒有粗有细,有的分散,有的聚合在一起,共同组成土壤的骨架。
Soil refers to a fertile, loose layer of earth’s land surface. It is both a natural body that exists objectively and a product of long-term labor of working people. Soil supplies the water, nutrients, air and heat needed for plant growth. Soil is a place where all kinds of matter and energy are transformed. On the surface, the soil is nothing more than clods and soils of different sizes, but in fact it is a fairly complex unit of inorganic, organic, dead, living, solid, gas and liquid phases. Part of the soil solid contains many different size of the particles, these particles, except for a small part of the organic matter, and more than 95% are from the rock weathering minerals, mineral particles can be said that the soil is an essential part. Their properties are closely related to the original rock characteristics. Some rocks are easily weathered, while others are less prone to weathering. Particles that are decomposed are coarse and fine, some are scattered, and some are aggregated together to form the skeleton of the soil .