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内容提要: 词类, 也叫词性,对词类的学习贯穿学生学习英语语法的整个过程,对词类的剖析是学习语法的一大途径。根据多年的教学实践,对词类不太清楚的学生,对复合句的学习一般都很困难。
关键词:词类;复合句
中图分类号:G4 文献标识码:A
一.名词的运用
1 名词:表示人或事物名称的词,在句子在可做主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
The boy is great. (名词boy做主语)
I know the man. (名词man做宾语)
He is a student. (名词student做表语)
Tom, a big boy, is from America. (名词boy做Tom的同位语)
2 名词性从句
(1)宾语从句
宾语从句就是整个从句在主句中相当于一个名词,做宾语。比如:
A I know that he is a real man.
B I didn’t know if /whether he would come.
C I didn’t know what I would do.
(2)主语从句
就是整个从句相当于一个名词,在主句中做主语。比如:
A. That he is a real man is known by all of us .
B. If /whether he would come wasn’t known by all of us .
C. What I would do wasn’t known by all of us .
(3)表语从句
整个从句相当于一个名词,在主句中做表语。
A. The fact is that he is a real man.
B. The problem was if /whether he would come .
C. The problem was what he would do .
(4)同位语从句
整个从句相当于一个名词,在主句中做同位语。
I don’t agree with the fact that he is a real man .
that he is a real man相当于一个名词,在整个句子中做fact的同位语)
同位语从句在初中课本中出现很少,因此只用此句做一论述。
二.形容词的运用
1.形容词:修饰名词,表示人或事物特征的词,在句子中做定语或表语。
I know the beautiful woman .
beautiful是形容词,在句子中做定语,修饰名词woman
2. 形容词性从句
形容词性从句指整个从句在主句相当于一个形容词,用来修饰一个名词,在句子成份中做定语,所以又称为定语从句。
(1)连接代词连接的定语从句
例1 I know the woman that /who is beautiful .
例2 I know the attraction which/that is beautiful .
连接代词:that(代替人或物), which(代替物), who(代替人) ,whom(代替人) ,他們在从句中必须做成份,代替前面的先行词,比如在例1中,that代替woman, 有实际意义,在从句that is beautiful中做主语。
例 3 He is the man that/who I respect.
此例句中,连接代词that/who做从句I respect的宾语,可以省去。
(2)连接副词连接的定语从句
连接副词有:when, where, why, 其相当于“介词+which”,介词后只能跟名词或代词,另外,that代替连接副词how。
①. 连接副词: where
I like the place which/that I live in.
I like the place in which I live .
I like the place where I live.
②. 连接副词: when
I can remember the time which/that we’ll meet at.
I can remember the time at which we’ll meet.
I can remember the time when we’ll meet.
③. 连接代词: that
定语从中没有how这一个连接副词,这一个连接副词在实际运用中被连接代词that代替,这很特殊,是英语应用习惯,这一点不能用词类来解释。
I don’t like the way which/that he behaves in .
I don’t like the way in which he behaves.
I don’t like the way that he behaves. ④. 連接副词: why
That is the reason which/that he left for .
That is the reason for which he left.
That is the reason why he left.
三. 副词的运用
1.副词:修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,它在句子中表示时间、条件、目的、结果、原因、让步、方式、地点、比较等。
2 副词性从句
(1)时间状语从从句
连接词有:as, after, as soon as , before ,since ,until ,when , while等
Don’t get excited when you talk .
(2)条件状语从从句
连接词有:if , unless等
I must go if that is true .
(3)目的状语从从句
连接词有:so that
He looked down so that she could not see his eyes .
(4)结果状语从从句
连接词有:so …that
He was so young that you must look after him .
(5)原因状语从从句
连接词有:because , so, since等
Because it was late, we had to go home .
(6)让步状语从从句
连接词有:although , though , even if , even though , whatever=no matter what , whenever=no matter when ,等
Although everyone played well, we lost the game .
(7)方式状语从从句
连接词有:as
You ought to do as I tell you .
(8)比较状语从从句
连接词有:as…as , than等
You sing better than I do .
(9)地点状语从从句
连接词有:where
I’ll drive you where you’re going.
综上所述,英语中,词类和复合句存在千丝万缕的关系,对词类如果有深入的理解,掌握复合句就显得轻而易举。
参考资料
1.《新编英语语法教程》第二版,章振邦,上海外语教育出版社,1995年
2.《实用英语语法》张道真,外语教学与研究出版社,2002年
3.初中英语新目标Go for it 第四版,初一上下册,初二上下册,初三全一册,人民教育出版社,2008年
关键词:词类;复合句
中图分类号:G4 文献标识码:A
一.名词的运用
1 名词:表示人或事物名称的词,在句子在可做主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
The boy is great. (名词boy做主语)
I know the man. (名词man做宾语)
He is a student. (名词student做表语)
Tom, a big boy, is from America. (名词boy做Tom的同位语)
2 名词性从句
(1)宾语从句
宾语从句就是整个从句在主句中相当于一个名词,做宾语。比如:
A I know that he is a real man.
B I didn’t know if /whether he would come.
C I didn’t know what I would do.
(2)主语从句
就是整个从句相当于一个名词,在主句中做主语。比如:
A. That he is a real man is known by all of us .
B. If /whether he would come wasn’t known by all of us .
C. What I would do wasn’t known by all of us .
(3)表语从句
整个从句相当于一个名词,在主句中做表语。
A. The fact is that he is a real man.
B. The problem was if /whether he would come .
C. The problem was what he would do .
(4)同位语从句
整个从句相当于一个名词,在主句中做同位语。
I don’t agree with the fact that he is a real man .
that he is a real man相当于一个名词,在整个句子中做fact的同位语)
同位语从句在初中课本中出现很少,因此只用此句做一论述。
二.形容词的运用
1.形容词:修饰名词,表示人或事物特征的词,在句子中做定语或表语。
I know the beautiful woman .
beautiful是形容词,在句子中做定语,修饰名词woman
2. 形容词性从句
形容词性从句指整个从句在主句相当于一个形容词,用来修饰一个名词,在句子成份中做定语,所以又称为定语从句。
(1)连接代词连接的定语从句
例1 I know the woman that /who is beautiful .
例2 I know the attraction which/that is beautiful .
连接代词:that(代替人或物), which(代替物), who(代替人) ,whom(代替人) ,他們在从句中必须做成份,代替前面的先行词,比如在例1中,that代替woman, 有实际意义,在从句that is beautiful中做主语。
例 3 He is the man that/who I respect.
此例句中,连接代词that/who做从句I respect的宾语,可以省去。
(2)连接副词连接的定语从句
连接副词有:when, where, why, 其相当于“介词+which”,介词后只能跟名词或代词,另外,that代替连接副词how。
①. 连接副词: where
I like the place which/that I live in.
I like the place in which I live .
I like the place where I live.
②. 连接副词: when
I can remember the time which/that we’ll meet at.
I can remember the time at which we’ll meet.
I can remember the time when we’ll meet.
③. 连接代词: that
定语从中没有how这一个连接副词,这一个连接副词在实际运用中被连接代词that代替,这很特殊,是英语应用习惯,这一点不能用词类来解释。
I don’t like the way which/that he behaves in .
I don’t like the way in which he behaves.
I don’t like the way that he behaves. ④. 連接副词: why
That is the reason which/that he left for .
That is the reason for which he left.
That is the reason why he left.
三. 副词的运用
1.副词:修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,它在句子中表示时间、条件、目的、结果、原因、让步、方式、地点、比较等。
2 副词性从句
(1)时间状语从从句
连接词有:as, after, as soon as , before ,since ,until ,when , while等
Don’t get excited when you talk .
(2)条件状语从从句
连接词有:if , unless等
I must go if that is true .
(3)目的状语从从句
连接词有:so that
He looked down so that she could not see his eyes .
(4)结果状语从从句
连接词有:so …that
He was so young that you must look after him .
(5)原因状语从从句
连接词有:because , so, since等
Because it was late, we had to go home .
(6)让步状语从从句
连接词有:although , though , even if , even though , whatever=no matter what , whenever=no matter when ,等
Although everyone played well, we lost the game .
(7)方式状语从从句
连接词有:as
You ought to do as I tell you .
(8)比较状语从从句
连接词有:as…as , than等
You sing better than I do .
(9)地点状语从从句
连接词有:where
I’ll drive you where you’re going.
综上所述,英语中,词类和复合句存在千丝万缕的关系,对词类如果有深入的理解,掌握复合句就显得轻而易举。
参考资料
1.《新编英语语法教程》第二版,章振邦,上海外语教育出版社,1995年
2.《实用英语语法》张道真,外语教学与研究出版社,2002年
3.初中英语新目标Go for it 第四版,初一上下册,初二上下册,初三全一册,人民教育出版社,2008年