大约从1985年开始,低温制冷机取得许多重大的新进展,使制冷机在效率、寿命、紧凑性和最低极限温度方面均有较大的突破。如电力能源的高温超导体,卫星用红外探测器、核磁共振成像(MRI)系统的超导磁体冷却,低温外科手术,以及医学、工业和空间应用的小型气体液化。本文揭示各种类型低温制冷机的新的进展,如何提高制冷机的性能来满足一些新的应用。 Since about 1985, many significant new developments have been made in cryogenic refrigerators, which have made great breakthroughs in efficiency, life expectancy, compactness and minimum temperature limit. Such as high-temperature superconductors for power and energy, infrared detectors for satellites, superconducting magnet cooling of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, cryogenic surgery, and small gas liquefaction for medical, industrial and space applications. This article reveals new advances in various types of cryogenic refrigerators and how to improve the performance of refrigerators to meet some new applications.