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抽样误差和系统误差(即非抽样误差)是统计误差的两个组成部份。系统误差的发生、发生的方面以及它对估计总体可靠性的影响不仅在理论上很少论述,而且在实践上往往被低估,甚至忽略。本文从统计的整个过程出发,首先论述统计样本与抽样误差和系统误差的消长关系,继而论述系统误差发生在统计过程的各个方面以及控制系统误差的基本原则和方法。
Sampling and systematic errors (ie, non-sampling errors) are two components of statistical errors. The occurrence of systematic errors, aspects of their occurrence, and their impact on the estimation of overall reliability are not only rarely discussed in theory, but are often underestimated in practice and even ignored. Starting from the whole process of statistics, this article first discusses the relations between statistical samples and sampling errors and systematic errors, and then discusses the basic principles and methods of systematic errors occurring in various aspects of statistical processes and control system errors.