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直到最近人们还坚持认为苏联科学技术的发展中遇到的全部问题都应归咎于生产第一线上的人的无能,因为这些人象魔鬼躲避咒符一样躲避技术上的革新成果。后来又一种看法开始流行起来,即认为提供这些革新成果的科学界也难逃责任,因为它得出的往往是不合用的“产品”。科学界的人则把应用研究部门(更确切地说是部属科研机构)抛出作为替罪羊。一时间针对应用研究部门的批判浪潮席卷科学界,诸如“科学工作的失败”、“部门中的懒汉”、“部长办公室的附庸”等种种帽子都加到了它的头上,只剩下基础研究部门仍然是清白无辜的。现在人们又开始怀疑起基础研究这一神圣不可侵犯的领域了,并发现这一领域中的停滞现象丝毫也亚不于其它领域。我们可以从一系列的间接指标来衡量问题的严重程度。每1000万居民中获得诺贝尔奖金的人数,苏联是美国和西欧的十分之一。如果拿国内奖来看(如列宁奖金、国家奖金等),那我们
Until recently, it was also believed that all the problems encountered in the development of science and technology in the Soviet Union should be attributed to the incompetence of the people in the first line of production who sought to evade the technological innovations just as the devil avoided the spell. Then came another popular belief that the scientific community that provided these innovations could not escape responsibility, as it often came to be the “product” that was not shared. The scientific community throws the department of applied research (or more subordinate scientific institutions) as a scapegoat. All of a sudden the critical wave of applied research departments swept through the scientific community, with such hats as “the failure of scientific work”, “lazy men in departments” and “vassals of the minister's office”, leaving only basic research The department is still innocent. Now people are beginning to doubt the sacred and invading field of basic research and discover that stagnation in this field is in no way inferior to anything else. We can measure the severity of the problem from a series of indirect indicators. The number of Nobel Prize winners for every 10 million inhabitants is one-tenth that of the United States and Western Europe. If you look at the domestic prize (such as Lenin bonus, national bonus, etc.), then we