现代管理十分注重效果,它体现在从建立目标到实现目标等一系列能动性管理活动的全过程。效果的好坏,固然与计划、组织、控制、协调等中间管理过程的有效性有关,但起决定作用的还是对目标的建立。一、人的实践活动应以追求某种目标为内在因素人类的一切实践活动都是有目的的活动,与一般动物本性的活动有着本质的区别。例如蜘蛛造网的活动与织工织布、渔民织渔网的活动相似,蜜蜂建筑蜂房的本领使人间的许多建筑师感到惭愧。但是,织工、渔民、建筑师比灵巧的蜘蛛、蜜蜂高明的地方,是他们在实践活动开始时就已经观念地存在着一定的目的性,并为实现自己的目的而奋斗。所以,有目的的活动,是人的劳动过程的第一要素。然而,有时候目的性与实践效果并不一致,其中一个非常重要的原因就是虽有目的性,但无明确的、科学的目标。目的与目 Modern management pays great attention to the effects. It is reflected in the whole process of a series of dynamic management activities, from establishing goals to achieving goals. The quality of the effect is related to the effectiveness of the intermediate management processes such as planning, organization, control, and coordination, but the decision-making role is also the establishment of goals. First, human practice should pursue certain goals as internal factors. All practical activities of human beings are purposeful activities, which are essentially different from the activities of animals in general. For example, the activities of spider netting are similar to those of weavers’ weaving and fishermen’s weaving of fishing nets. The ability of honeybees to build a hive has embarrassed many architects on earth. However, weavers, fishermen, and architects are smarter than smart spiders and bees, because they have a certain purpose in the concept of practical activities and struggle to achieve their own goals. Therefore, the purposeful activity is the first element of the human labor process. However, sometimes the purpose and practice are not consistent. One of the very important reasons is that although there is purpose, there is no clear and scientific goal. Purpose and purpose