Stabile antiulcer gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157,Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-GlyLeu-Val, MW 1419, (tested in clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease, LD1 could be not achieved) has a variety of protective effects in gastrointestinal tract and in wound healing, as well as nervous system.BPC 157 attenuates damage and improves early outcome after an induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) and improves rat sciatic nerve healing after transection with and without anastomosis.Besides, BPC 157 interacts with various neurotransmiters systems, GABA (counteracted alcohol acute and chronic intoxication;diazepam-tolerance), opioid (counteracted morphine-analgesia), and particularly with 5-HT-and dopamine-systems.Specifically, given peripherally, it increases brain 5-HT synthesis in the substantia nigra, lateral caudate, accumbens nucleus and superior olive, both acutely and chronically, and counteracts helpless behavior and all aspects of serotonin syndrome.Besides 5-HT-system, BPC 157 particularly affects dopamine system as well.It blocks the stereotypy produced acutely by amphetamine as well as amphetamine-chronic disturbances, the development of haloperidol-induced supersensitivity to amphetamine and antagonises haloperidol-catalepsy.In mice challenged with parkinsonogenic agent 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) BPC 157 strongly improved the MPTP-impaired somatosensory orientation, reduced the MPTP-induced hyperactivity and MPTP-motor abnormalities (tremor, akinesia, catalepsy) leading to almost complete abolition of otherwise regularly lethal course of MPTP treatment in controls.BPC 157 prevented the development of otherwise very prominent reserpine-induced catalepsy and when applied 24 h thereafter reversed the established catalepsy.Currently, BPC 157 neuroprotective effects counteract methamphetamine (single dose of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w.s.c.) dopaminergic neurotoxicity, impaired motoric function and fine motor skills, ataxia, increased lipid peroxidation in different brain regions and loss of dopaminergic neurons.