Due to their robust mechanical performance,metals especially titanium alloys are likely to dominate in orthopaedic implant designs for decades to come.Nevertheless,current orthopaedic implants often fail early because of surface related issues such as weak implant-bone integration,implant associated infections,and even corrosion related pseudotumour formation.As far as infections are concerned,common pathogens such as the Staphylococcus species can be acquired at the time of surgery or at a later stage and can attach to the surfaces and develop into biofilms.