1982年,Barbacid和Weinberg等同时从人膀胱癌细胞株中克隆分离出癌基因——c—Ha—ras,这一发现标志着肿瘤研究进入到了一个崭新的阶段:即在分子水平探讨人类恶性肿瘤的发生及演进过程。多年来的研究结果使人们认识到,人类肿瘤的发生是由于遗传物质改变的结果。近年来,有关细胞和分子水平的知识与日俱增,分子生物学 In 1982, Barbacid and Weinberg simultaneously cloned the oncogene c-Ha-ras from human bladder cancer cell lines, a finding that marks a new stage in cancer research: the exploration of human malignancies at the molecular level The occurrence and evolution of the process. The results of many years of research have led to the recognition that the development of human tumors is the result of changes in genetic material. In recent years, knowledge of cellular and molecular levels has been increasing with molecular biology