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0.语言具有线性特征,语言研究自然不能不重视语言的线性序列研究。在语法平面上,各种语言理论对语序的研究都在向纵深发展,在这大背景下面,汉语语序研究近几年也令人耳目一新。汉语语序研究已进入了多视角的研究阶段,其结果之一是引进新理论,采用新方法;其结果之二是成绩很突出,失误也很明显。还应该有结果之三,那就是获得评价,引起争鸣,不过这一结果目前似乎还不很明显罢了。有感于此,本文打算谈谈以下三个与汉语语序研究有关的问题:(一)用什么术语概括语法平面的线性序列;(二)组块理论是否合理;(三)“上、下”一类词是方位词还是后置词。 1.现在有一种倾向,认为传统的“词序”作为术语名实不符,至于为何名实不符,那就有点仁者见仁,智者见智。一种极端意见是说语言没有词的序列,只有词类的序列或句子成分的序列(吕香云,1985)。这一看法初看似乎有理,因为就汉语而言,汉语词的分类主要是根据功能标准,而功能标准又主要是指词的组合能力和充当句子成分的能力。我们固然可以说汉语词的分类要依靠某些组合序列,但反过来能不能说,汉语组合序列就是词类或句子成分的序列呢?这是一个需要讨论的问题。
0. Language has a linear feature, language research can not ignore the language of linear sequence research. In the grammar plane, the research on the word order in various linguistic theories is developing in depth. Under this background, the study of the Chinese word order is also refreshing in recent years. Chinese language order research has entered a multi-angle research stage. One of the results is the introduction of new theories and the adoption of new methods. The second result is the outstanding achievements and the obvious mistakes. There should also be a third of the results, that is, to obtain evaluation, aroused controversy, but this result does not seem obvious now. In this sense, this article intends to talk about the following three issues related to the study of Chinese language order: (a) what terms are used to summarize the linear sequence of the grammar plane; (b) whether the chunk theory is reasonable; (c) “upper and lower” A class of words is a locative or postpositional word. 1. There is a tendency to think that the traditional “word order” does not match the terminology. As for why the truth is not true, then there is a bit of benevolence and kindness. An extreme idea is to say that a language has no sequence of words, only a sequence of parts of speech or a sequence of sentence components (Lu, 2000). This view seems plausible at first glance, because in the case of Chinese, the classification of Chinese words is mainly based on functional criteria, which mainly refers to the combination of words and the ability to act as a sentence component. Although we can say that the classification of Chinese words depends on some combination of sequences, can we in turn be able to say that the combination of Chinese words is a sequence of parts of speech or sentence? This is a question to be discussed.