Influence of water flow on gas hydrate accumulation at cold vents

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A cold vent is an area where methane-rich fluid seepage occurs. This seepage may alter the local temperature, salinity, and subsequent accumulation of the gas hydrate. Using a kinetic gas hydrate formation model and in situ measurement of tempera- ture, salinity and fluid flux at the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge, we simulate the gas hydrate accumulation at three distinct fluid sites: clam, bacterial mat, and gas discharge sites. At the clam sites (pore water flux < 20 kg m-2 yr-1 ), pore water advection has little influence on temperature and salinity. However, the salinity and temperature are increased (peak salinity > 0.8 mol kg-1 ) by the formation of gas hydrate causing the base of the hydrate stability zone to move gradually from ~115 to ~70 meters below seafloor (mbsf). The gas hydrate saturation at the clam sites is relatively high. The water flux at the bacterial mat sites ranges from 100 to 2500 kg m-2 yr-1 . The water flow suppresses the increase in salinity resulting in a salinity close to or slightly higher than that of seawater (<0.65mol kg-1 ). Heat advection by water flow increases temperature significantly, shifting the base of the hydrate stability zone to above 50 or even 3 mbsf. The gas hydrate saturation is relatively low at the bacterial mat site. At the gas discharge sites, the pore water flux could reach 10 10 kg m-2 yr-1 , and the temperature could reach that of the source area in 9 min. There is no gas hydrate formation at the gas discharge sites. Our simulative analysis therefore reveals that a lower pore water flux would result in lower salinity, higher temperature, and a shallower base of the hydrate stability zone. This in turn induces a lower gas hydrate formation rate, lower hydrate saturation, and eventually less gas hydrate resources. A seepage may alter the local temperature, salinity, and subsequent accumulation of the gas hydrate. Using a kinetic gas hydrate formation model and in situ measurement of tempera- ture, salinity and fluid flux at the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge, we simulate the gas hydrate accumulation at three distinct fluid sites: clam, bacterial mat, and gas discharge sites. At the clam sites (pore water flux <20 kg m-2 yr-1) , pore water advection has little influence on temperature and salinity. However, the salinity and temperature are increased (peak salinity> 0.8 mol kg-1) by the formation of gas hydrate causing the base of the hydrate stability zone to move gradually from ~ 115 The gas hydrate saturation at the clam sites is relatively high. The water flux at the bacterial mat sites ranges from 100 to 2500 kg m-2 yr-1. The water flow suppresses the increase in salinity resulting in a salinity close to or slightly higher than that of seawater (<0.65 mol kg-1). Heat advection by water flow increases temperature significantly, shifting the base of the hydrate stability zone above 50 or even 3 mbsf. The gas hydrate saturation is relatively low at the bacterial mat site. At the gas discharge sites, the pore water flux could reach 10 10 kg m-2 yr-1, and the temperature could reach that of the source area in 9 min. There is no gas hydrate formation at the gas discharge sites. Our simulative analysis therefore reveals that a lower pore water flux would result in lower salinity, higher temperature, and a shallower base of the hydrate stability zone. This in turn induces a lower gas hydrate formation rate, lower hydrate saturation , and eventually less gas hydrate resources.
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