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在新制度经济学家看来,制度的一个重要作用是降低作为经济运行的“摩擦力”的交易费用。理论上,交易费用会随着一国制度的进步和完善而降低。但是,据瓦利斯和诺思测算,美国自1 870年到1 970年的1 00年间总量交易费用占GNP的比例不仅没有降低,反而越来越高了。这种理论(随着制度的进步交易费用应该越来越低)与实际(测量到总量交易费用越来越高)的矛盾被称之为“诺思第二悖论”。瓦利斯和诺思测量到的总量交易费用并非交易费用的全部,表面上测量到的总量交易费用上升了,但“理论上”的总量交易费用是下降的,即是说,随着制度的进步,不仅每笔交易的交易费用下降了,理论上的总量交易费用也是下降的,所谓“诺思第二悖论”是不存在的。
In the view of the new institutional economists, an important function of the system is to reduce the transaction costs of “friction” as an economic operation. In theory, transaction costs will decrease as a country’s systems improve and improve. However, according to Wallis and North, the proportion of total transaction costs in the United States over GNP between 1870 and 1970 not only did not decrease but rose higher and higher. This theory (with the progress of the system transaction costs should be lower and lower) and the actual (measured the total transaction costs are higher and higher) contradiction is called “North ’s second paradox ”. The total amount of transactions measured by Wallis and North is not the full amount of the transaction costs, but the total amount of the transaction costs that have been measured on the surface is increased, but the transaction cost of the total amount of “theoretically” is declining With the progress of the system, not only transaction costs per transaction have dropped, but the theoretical total transaction costs have also dropped. The so-called “second paradox of North” does not exist.