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1.土壤空气组成之一的氧气,对于土壤性质,对于高等和低等生物的活动以及土壤形成过程起着巨大的作用。土壤空气组成的动态变化依赖于气象条件、土壤理化性质、土壤生物及生物化学过程和人类生产活动等因素。2.土壤空气中氧气和二氧化碳的含量在很大程度上与土壤水分的变化和植物状况有着紧密的连系。有植物被复的田间(草类及冬播作物)比无植物被复的田间(休闲)土壤空气中氧气含量要少,而二氧化碳含量则多。生草灰化土的耕作层4月—10月,土壤空气中氧气含量不低于19—20%。多年生草地土壤表层0—20厘米土壤空气中氧气含量在开花期不低于20%。同时,并未曾发现威廉斯的所谓“氧气隔绝”层的存在。3.土壤空气中最低氧气含量(13.33—15.29%)和最高二氧化碳含量(3.14—3.99%)表现在冬季和早春时期。4.生草灰化土含有适量水分无氧气存在的状况下,氧化还原电位(rH_2值)降低到17.6,而有20%氧气含量存在时,rH_2值高达29.36;黑土rH_2值分别为19.93和28.43。生草灰化土的好气过程和嫌气过程条件的分界限表现在土壤空气中氧气的含量约为5%,而黑土约为2.5%。土壤空气中高于上述数量氧气含量的增加,对于土壤嫌气细菌的数量,FeO 和MnO的含量,有机质分解能力以及植物可吸收态磷的积累都没有巨大的变化。土壤空气氧气含量最高时(20%),硝酸态氮积累的数量为最多。5.土壤好气条件能以促使土壤水稳性团粒结构(包括微团粒)的形成。土壤好气过程比嫌气过程能形成和积累有利于水稳性团粒所必需的有机和有机无机胶结物质。6.对于植物生长发育最有利的环境是曾经经过含有适量水分的好气过程作用后的土壤。7.为了提高生草灰化土的土壤肥力,创造有利于植物生长发育的土壤环境,必需设法调节土壤具有良好的透气性(好气过程)。本文是在苏联莫斯科季米里亚捷夫农学院土壤教研室学习期间,在导师格列钦副教授指导下完成的副博士学位论文的主要研究成果,以供国内研究工作的参考,并向苏联导师格列钦副教授表示衷心的感谢。
1. Oxygen, one of the components of soil air, plays a significant role in soil properties in the activity of higher and lower organisms and in the soil formation process. The dynamic change of soil air composition depends on meteorological conditions, soil physical and chemical properties, soil biological and biochemical processes and human production activities and other factors. 2. The content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the soil air is closely related to the change of soil moisture and plant status. There is less oxygen and less carbon dioxide in the soil than in the fields without plants (recreational) in the fields where vegetation is rehabilitated (grasses and winter seeding). Grassland ash farming soil layer April-October, the soil air oxygen content of not less than 19-20%. Perennial grass soil surface 0-20 cm soil air oxygen content in the flowering of not less than 20%. At the same time, Williams did not find the so-called “oxygen barrier” layer exists. 3. The lowest oxygen content in soil air (13.33-15.29%) and the highest content of carbon dioxide (3.14-3.99%) showed in winter and early spring. The results showed that the rH_2 values were up to 29.36 with 20% oxygen content and 19.93% and 28.43% with black soil, respectively. The limits of the aeration process and the anaerobic process conditions of raw grass ashes showed that the content of oxygen in the soil air was about 5%, while the black soil was about 2.5%. There was no significant change in the amount of oxygen in soil air above the above amount for both the amount of soil anaerobic bacteria, the amount of FeO and MnO, the ability of organic matter to decompose, and the accumulation of plant uptake of phosphorus. When the content of oxygen in soil air is the highest (20%), the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen is the most. Soil aerobic conditions can promote the formation of soil water stable aggregates (including micro-aggregates). Soil airtight process than the anaerobic process can form and accumulate in favor of water-stable pellets necessary organic and organic inorganic cements. 6. The most favorable environment for the growth and development of plants is the soil that has been subjected to the good gas process that contains moderate amount of water. 7. In order to improve the soil fertility of grass ash and to create a soil environment conducive to plant growth and development, it is necessary to try to adjust the soil to have good air permeability (good gas process). This article is the main research results of the doctoral dissertations completed under the guidance of Associate Professor Glickzin during the study of Soil Science Department of the Jekyll Agiatrov College in Moscow, the Soviet Union, for the reference of domestic research work, Professor Qin expressed his heartfelt thanks.