引言根据新制度经济学派代表人物诺斯的观点：“制度是一个社会的游戏规则, 更规范的说,他们是为解决人们相互关系而人为设定的一些制约”,实质上诺斯的解释并不完整。制度的定义应当包括其内容、标准、目的,因此笔者认为制度是人类相互交往的规则,包括内在的和外在的,其目的是抑制各种机会主义行为,使人们的行为更具预见性；衡量制度有效性的标准是制度的普适性,包括一般性、确定性、开放性。当制度环境发生变化,而现有的制度不能与之协调,便会 INTRODUCTION According to the view of North, a representative of the new institutional economics, “the system is a social game rule, and more formally, they are artificially set for the settlement of human relations.” In essence, North’s explanation incomplete. The definition of the system should include its contents, standards and purposes. Therefore, the author thinks that the system is a rule of human interaction, including internal and external. Its purpose is to suppress various opportunistic behaviors and make people’s behavior more predictable. The measure of the effectiveness of the system is the universality of the system, including generality, certainty and openness. When the institutional environment changes and the existing system can not be coordinated with it, we will