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一、黄河概况和下游治理黄河是中国的第二大河,发源于青海省巴颜喀拉山北麓,流经青海、四川、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、河南、山东九个省(区),从山东省垦利县注入渤海,干流长5464公里,流域面积75.2万平方公里。内蒙古自治区的托克托以上称上游,托克托至河南省桃花峪(郑州附近)称中游,桃花峪以下称下游(图1)。中、上游多为峡谷河道,除个别河段外,无防洪任务。下游为平原河道,两岸均修有堤防,以约束水流,防止洪水泛滥。下游河道,由于泥沙淤积,逐年抬高,防洪任务十分繁重,过去堤防决、溢泛滥较多。据记载,在公元前
I. Overview of the Yellow River and the Lower Reaches The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. It originated in the northern foot of Bayanhar Mountains in Qinghai Province and flows through nine provinces (Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces District), from Kenli County, Shandong Province into the Bohai Sea, the main stream of 5464 kilometers long, the basin area of 752000 square kilometers. Tuoketuo, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region above, said the upper reaches, Tuoketuo to Henan Province, Taohuayu (near Zhengzhou) said the middle reaches, Taohua Yu said the lower reaches of the following (Figure 1). In the upper reaches of the canyon channel, except for individual river, no flood task. Downstream of the plain river, embankments are built on both banks to restrain the flow of water to prevent flooding. The lower reaches of the river, due to siltation, raising year by year, flood control task is very heavy, in the past dike decision, overflow overflow more. According to records, in BC