New challenges are emerging in fine-scale air quality modeling in China due to a lack of high-resolution emission maps.Currently,only a few emission sources have accurate geographic locations(point sources),while a large part of sources,including industrial plants,are estimated as provincial totals(area sources)and spatially disaggregated onto grid cells based on proxies;this approach is reasonable to some extent but is highly questionable at fine spatial resolutions.Here,we compile a new comprehensive point source database that includes nearly 100,000 industrial facilities in China.We couple it with the frame of Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China(MEIC),estimate point source emissions,combine point and area sources,and finally map China's anthropogenic emissions of 2013 at the spatial resolution of 30“x30”(～1 km).Consequently,the percentages of point source emissions in the total emissions increase from less than 30％in the MEIC up to a maximum of 84％for SO2 in 2013.The new point source-based emission maps show the uncoupled distribution of emissions and populations in space at fine spatial scales,however,such a pattern cannot be reproduced by any spatial proxy used in the conventional emis-sions mapping.This new accurate high-resolution emission mapping approach reduces the modeled biases of air pollutant concentrations in the densely populated areas compared to the raw MEIC inven-tory,thus improving the assessment of population exposure.