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考察18、19世纪之际的手工业者、小商人、一般农民、小土地出租者、自耕农民而有雇工者,以及佃农而有雇工者所从事的各种行当及从业活动,以明了他们的生活状况。在此基础上论述小业主经济的社会意义及其社会地位:小土地出租者与土地所有权关系复杂,是农民构成的一分子,不同于地主;小业主雇工经营,不仅对家庭经济生活有益,对社会有发展生产、增加社会财富和活跃经济的作用,对维持社会运行有积极意义;小业主的雇佣,因经营规模太小很难产生新的生产关系;小业主普遍采取赊销的经营方式,以此促销,也是适应传统社会人际关系的需要,令生意中具有人情味,但是赊销、赊购反映商品经济发展程度不高,还使得经营者缺乏周转资金,难以扩大经营规模;小业主雇主在法律上和雇工一样是平民,没有因此提升社会地位,但在实际上有的能够指挥佣工做分外的事情,无形中高于雇工。论文所使用的史料争部是中国第一历史档案馆收藏档案——“内阁全宗·刑科题本·土地债务类·嘉庆朝”所提供的,笔者在阅读、运用中体会到刑科题本档案能够提供社会生活史的多种领域的研究素材,而且具有真实性强、生动具体、内容独特的特点,因之非常宝贵,值得珍视,需要充分利用。
In the 18th and 19th centuries, we examined the various types of trade and employment activities of handicraftsmen, small traders, general peasants, small landowners, self-employed peasants, employed workers, and tenant-employed workers. situation. On this basis, it discusses the social significance of the small proprietor economy and its social position: the relationship between the small landowner and the land ownership is complex and constitutes a part of the peasant, which is different from the landowner; the small proprietor employs the peasant to manage, not only benefits the family’s economic life, The role of development of production, increase of social wealth and active economy has positive significance for the maintenance of social operation. The employment of small proprietors is hard to generate new production relations due to too small scale of operation. Small proprietors generally adopt the mode of operation on credit to promote and also promote In order to meet the needs of the traditional social relationships and to make the business more humane, credit sales and credit purchases reflect the low level of development of the commodity economy. It also makes it impossible for managers to increase working capital due to lack of working capital. Small-scale employers, like other workers, are civilians in law, The social status has not been raised. However, in fact, some things that can direct domestic helpers to do something exceptionally can surpass those of hired workers. The historical materials used in the dissertation are provided by the archives of the first historical archives in China - “Cabinet Fnsalies, Criminal Subjects, Land Debts, Jia Qing Dynasty ”, Subjects This file can provide research materials in a variety of fields in the history of social life. It is highly authentic, vivid, and unique in content. It is therefore invaluable, deserves to be valued, and needs to be fully utilized.