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认为现代社会道德观念趋于衰落是很流行的看法。对个人的日益重视被看成是对集体共同的道德观的真正威胁,最终导致自私、利己主义等等,然而问题在于现代社会是否果真丧失了共同的道德原则?换句话说,现代性与道德观念是否互不相容?作者利用1981年和1990年的两次欧洲价值观调查(EVS)所得经验数据对此问题进行探讨。本文把道德观念分为两种,暂且分别称为“宽容度”和“公民道德”。数据资料表明过去10年中各国人民确实在道德观 念上趋于宽松。年轻人和教育程度较低者表现更为宽容,更不严格,但是随着他们年龄增长,他们似乎变得不那么宽容而较为严格了。然而,过去10年来道德观念上发生的变化并不意味着道德观念衰落。从人们对待各种反常行为的态度看,还是比较严格的。统计资料的分析似乎表示发生了从传统的、公共机构倡导的道德观念走向个人道德观念的转变。认为正在出现“怎么干都行”的风气这样一种结论站不住脚。
It is a very popular view to think that the moral concepts of the modern society tend to decline. The growing emphasis on individuals is seen as a real threat to the collective common morality that ultimately leads to selfishness, egoism, etc. However, the question is whether modern society has lost its common moral principle. In other words, modernity and morality Are the concepts incompatible with each other? The author explores this issue using empirical data from two European Values Surveys (EVSs) of 1981 and 1990. This article divides the concept of morality into two kinds, tentatively called “tolerance” and “civic morality” for the time being. The data show that people in all countries in the past decade have indeed tended to be relaxed in their moral values. Young people and less educated people are more tolerant and less strict, but as they grow older, they seem less generous and more restrictive. However, changes in moral values over the past 10 years do not necessarily mean a decline in moral values. From the attitude of people to deal with all kinds of abnormal behavior, it is still more stringent. The analysis of statistics seems to indicate a shift from a moral concept advocated by traditional, public institutions to a personal moral perception. The conclusion that a climate of “how to do it all” is emerging is untenable.