一、前言火是第一个人造光源,直到十九世紀六十年代俄国軍事电气技师謝尔盖耶夫发明电灯以后,人造光源才进入一个嶄新的发展阶段。1903年钨絲真空白熾灯出現;1912—1913年充气白熾灯,单螺旋、双螺旋鎢絲灯相继問世,直到今天,这些电气光源还被广泛地应用着。本文不打算談論这些光源,而是把十九世紀末、廿 I. Introduction Fire is the first man-made source of light. Artificial light entered a completely new stage of development until the invention of electric lamps by the Russian military electrical technician Sergeyev in the 1860s. Incandescent tungsten filament lamps appeared in 1903; 1912-1913 incandescent bulbs, single-helix, double-helix tungsten filament have come out, until today, these electrical light sources are also widely used. This article does not intend to talk about these light sources, but the late nineteenth century, twenty