一、序言近几年来,在关于发展的文献和实际经验中,有两大新的动向。第一个动向是日益强调就业,更广泛地说,就是强调各种发展战略和项目的分配效果。如果最终的目的是为了减少贫穷,那么,争取一般定义的经济增长已不再被认为是当务之急的适当目标,因为没有任何保证能使增长的好处逐步输流到那些在分配系统中处于下层的人们手里。有些人已着手建立 I. Introduction In recent years, there have been two major new developments in the literature and practical experience on development. The first is the growing emphasis on employment and, more generally, the distributional effects of various development strategies and projects. If the ultimate goal is to reduce poverty, the pursuit of a generally defined economic growth is no longer considered an adequate priority, since there is no guarantee that the benefits of growth will gradually be diverted to those under the distribution system Hands. Some people have started to set up