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火成岩一词来自拉丁语,有“火焰”之意。它是由岩浆冷凝固结而形成的岩石,包括侵入岩和喷出岩(火山岩)两大类。这里介绍侵入岩中的花岗岩(酸性岩)和闪长岩(中性岩)、喷出岩中的流纹岩和安山岩、以及玄武岩(基性喷出岩),因为这五种岩石在野外是最常见的。花岗岩,很多人熟悉名字,但并不一定知道为什么叫“花岗岩”。花岗岩的英文名称(Granite)来自拉丁语,有“粒状”之意,这可能同岩石中的石英常呈粒状有关。英文名称最早出现在16世纪,但真正确立它的地质学地位是在18世纪末(1790年)由地质学家休顿和海尔提出的。花岗岩是大陆地壳分布最广的岩石之一,常形成巨大的岩体。我国著名的黄山、华山地貌景观,都是花岗岩形成的。
The word igneous comes from Latin, with “flame” meaning. It is formed by condensation and consolidation of magma rocks, including intrusive rocks and extrusive rock (volcanic rock) two broad categories. Here we introduce granite (acidic rocks) and diorites (neutral rocks) that intrude into rocks, rhyolite and andesite that expel rocks, and basalts (basalt) as these five rocks are in the wild most common. Granite, many people are familiar with the name, but do not necessarily know why called “granite.” The English name of granite comes from Latin, which means “granular”, which may be related to the granularity of quartz in the rock. The earliest English name appeared in the 16th century, but the geological position that really established it was proposed by the geologists Hugh and Hull in the late 18th century (1790). Granite is one of the most widely distributed rocks in the continental crust, often forming huge rock mass. Our famous Huangshan, Huashan landscape, are formed by granite.