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Most of the human diseases are complex diseases,which could be caused by many genetic pathways.This means that for a given phenotype(i.e.,a complex disease),there are multiple potential genes which could be genomically or epigenetically changed(i.e.,mutations,copy number variations,epigenetic modifications,and so on).Therefore,it is understandable that different individuals who share the same phenotype/diseases may have different causal genes and thus,may have different drug targets.For example,mutated genes are rarely common between the cancer patients of the same cancer type[1];furthermore,for a given drug,only 10%-30% of the patients
Most of the human diseases are complex diseases, which could be caused by many genetic pathways. This means that for a given phenotype (ie, a complex disease), there are multiple potential genes which could be genomically or epigenetically changed (ie, mutations, copy number variations, epigenetic modifications, and so on). Wherefore, it is understandable that different individuals who share the same phenotype / diseases may have different causal genes and thus, may have different drug targets. For example, mutated genes are rarely common between the cancer patients of the same cancer type [1]; furthermore, for a given drug, only 10% -30% of the patients