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戴蒙德(Jared Diamond)的《枪炮、病菌和钢铁:人类社会的命运》是影响巨大的畅销书。他提到,在公元前11000年的冰期时代,各大洲的早期人类都是狩猎和采集为生,然而从那时至公元后1500的漫长历史中,他们以不同步伐走在进化的道路上,形成了发展上的落差。非洲、美洲和澳洲的土著人仍在游猎和采集,而欧亚大陆的人类已产生了高度文明,发展起农业、畜牧、金属冶炼和复杂的政治制度。这是什么原因? 他认为是客观环境决定了人类的进化速度。首先,人类进化取决于创新的普及。从地理布局看,欧亚大陆是东西向的,气候环境类同,在某地产生的创新也适用于其它地方,所以有利于新技术的普及;非洲和美洲都是南北向的,气候相差悬殊,在某地的创新难以运用到其它地方,创新的普及就受到限制。其次,人类进化始于农牧业的发展,而农牧业的进步又取决于驯
Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Iron: The Fate of Humankind is a hugely influential bestseller. He mentioned that during the ice age of 11000 BC, the early humans on all continents lived for hunting and gathering. However, from the time of 1500 BC to the long history of 1500 BC, they walked along the path of evolution with different paces. Formed a development gap. Indigenous peoples in Africa, the Americas and Australia are still hunting and gathering, while humans in Eurasia have become highly civilized and have developed political systems in agriculture, livestock husbandry, metal smelting and complex. What is the reason? He believes that the objective environment determines the speed of human evolution. First, human evolution depends on the popularity of innovation. Geographically, the Eurasian continent is east-west oriented, with similar climate and climate, and the innovations generated in one place also apply to other places, which is conducive to the popularization of new technologies. Both Africa and the Americas are north-south and their climate varies greatly. , Innovation in one place is difficult to apply to other places, and the popularization of innovation is limited. Second, human evolution began with the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the progress of agriculture and animal husbandry hinged on tameness