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面对人性“善恶”的哲学思考,苏格拉底把德性与知识等同起来,得出了“知识即德性,无知即罪恶”“无人有意作恶”的结论。他认为罪恶源于无知。恩斯特·卡西尔则认为,人并没有一成不变的永恒人性。他提出了人类的三重生存需求,亦是对人三重本质的分类。首先是身体生存的需要即物质文化;其次是群体生活的需要即社群文化;最后是心理调适的需要,即精神文化。
In the face of philosophical thinking of human nature, “good and evil,” Socrates equates virtue with knowledge and concludes that “knowledge is virtue, ignorance is sin” and “nobody wants to make evil.” He believes that sins come from ignorance. Ernst Cassirer argues that man does not have immutable humanity forever. He proposed the triple survival needs of human beings and also the classification of the triple essence of human beings. The first is the physical existence of the need for material culture; followed by the needs of group life community culture; the last is the need for psychological adjustment, that is, spiritual culture.