腐蚀、磨损和断裂是材料和构件失效的三大主要形式。每年世界上因腐蚀造成的经济损失、人员伤亡和环境污染是巨大的，而且每年的损失呈上升趋势。据报道，１９８３年我国因腐蚀造成的经济损失至少为４００亿元人民币，１９９７年测算因腐蚀造成的经济损失达２８００亿元。１９ Corrosion, wear and tear are the three major forms of failure of materials and components. Every year, the world economic losses caused by corrosion, casualties and environmental pollution are enormous, and the annual loss is on the rise. It has been reported that in 1983, the economic loss caused by corrosion in our country was at least 40 billion yuan. In 1997, the economic loss due to corrosion was estimated at 280 billion yuan. 19