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本文基于几个跨文化的交际场景,展示了东西方在交流中出现的交际障碍和误解,指出这些交际障碍和误解皆因不同的语境文化所致。高语境与低语境的概念由美国著名人类学家E.T.Hall(1976)首次提出。他为我们提供了一种研究文化的工具,即以沟通情境在沟通中所起的作用来区分不同的文化。高语境文化紧密地依靠情境,要么是沟通的实际环境,要么是内化的社会环境,或二者兼具。如果情境在沟通中被清楚地提到了,那么沟通的信息就可以是简略的、间接的和暗指的;反之,信息就会清楚、直接和完整地以文字表达出来,也就是说,在低语境文化中,信息几乎完全是“说出来”的。沿着E.T.Hall向我们描绘的连续统一体,可以看出日本、中国以及阿拉伯属于高语境文化,而德裔瑞士区、德国、北欧以及美国属于低语境文化。接着,作者探究了高低语境的不同文化特征与原由,表现在沟通方式上,如中国人的“含蓄”、“拐弯抹角”与西方人的直截了当、毫不含糊;表现在非言语沟通中的不同空间语和体触以及时间观念上的差异——一个是多时性,另一个是单时性等。最后,作者暗示这些特征的内在联系,即高语境文化是“关系导向型”的,低语境文化是“目标导向型”的,并指出低语境交流模式已逐渐成为当今国际交流,尤其是国际商务沟通的趋势。
Based on a few cross-cultural communicative scenarios, this article demonstrates the communication barriers and misunderstandings that arise between East and West in communication. It points out that these communicative barriers and misunderstandings are caused by different contextual cultures. The concept of high context and low context was first proposed by the famous American anthropologist E.T.Hall (1976). He provides us with a culturally appropriate tool to distinguish between different cultures based on their role in communication. High contextual culture is closely dependent on the situation, either the actual environment of communication, the internalized social environment, or both. If the situation is clearly mentioned in the communication, the message of communication can be brief, indirect and allusive; on the other hand, the information is clearly, directly and completely expressed in words, that is, In contextual culture, information is almost entirely “spoken”. Along the continuum represented by E.T.Hall to us, it can be seen that Japan, China, and Arabia belong to a high contextual culture, while the German-Swiss region, Germany, the Nordic countries and the United States belong to a low-context culture. Then, the author explores the different cultural characteristics and causes of high and low contexts, which are manifested in the mode of communication, such as Chinese “Implicit ”, “Bending around angle ” and Westerners straightforward and unambiguous; Different spatial language and physical communication in communication and differences in the concept of time - one is more time-consuming, the other is a one-time and so on. Finally, the authors suggest that these features are intrinsically linked, that contextual culture is “relationship-oriented” and context-based culture is “goal-oriented” and points out that the contextual mode of low-level communication has gradually become today International exchange, especially the trend of international business communication.