【目的】探讨学习障碍(learning disorder,LD)与膳食结构、饮食行为之间的关系,为改善LD儿童的膳食结构、饮食行为及探讨LD的病因提供依据。【方法】依据DSM-IV学习障碍诊断标准对小学三至六年级390名学生进行筛查评定,筛查出LD儿童49名,设对照组50名;通过问卷调查了解其膳食结构及饮食行为特征,并对结果进行分析。【结果】身高和体重在两组之间的差异无统计学意义(身高t=0.056;体重t=0.75,P值均>0.05)。膳食结构方面:常吃粗、杂粮是LD的保护因素(B=-0.549,OR=0.578),而常吃豆类或豆制品是危险因素(B=0.429,OR=1.535);两组学生早餐主要以谷类为主,牛奶或奶制品、鸡蛋或肉类比例不高,食用蔬菜或水果更少。对照组对营养早餐认知水平比LD组高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.464,P=0.009)。饮食行为方面:少吃零食和合理的选择早餐是LD的保护因素(B=-0.694,OR=0.500;B=-0.328,OR=0.721)。家庭情况方面:家庭月收入多是LD的保护因素(B=-0.753,OR=0.471);LD父母文化程度较对照组低(χ2=20.067,P=0.000)。【结论】两组学生早餐膳食结构不合理,LD者对营养早餐的认知水平较低;合理选择早餐食物品种对改善LD具有意义;不合理的膳食结构和早餐模式是导致LD的重要环境因素之一。 【Objective】 To investigate the relationship between learning disorder (LD) and dietary structure and dietary behaviors and to provide basis for improving the dietary structure and diet of LD children and exploring the causes of LD. 【Methods】 According to the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV learning disability, 390 students from Grade 3 to Grade 6 in primary school were screened and screened. 49 children with LD were screened out and 50 were given control group. Their dietary structure and dietary behaviors were analyzed by questionnaire , And analyze the result. 【Results】 There was no significant difference in height and weight between the two groups (height t = 0.056; body weight t = 0.75, P> 0.05). Dietary structure: eat coarse, miscellaneous grains are the protective factor of LD (B = -0.549, OR = 0.578), while eating beans or soy products is a risk factor (B = 0.429, OR = 1.535); two groups of students breakfast Mainly cereal-based, milk or dairy products, eggs or meat is not high, less vegetables or fruits. The control group had a higher cognitive level of nutrition breakfast than LD group, with significant difference (χ2 = 9.464, P = 0.009). Diet behavior: Eat snacks and reasonable choices Breakfast is the protective factor of LD (B = -0.694, OR = 0.500; B = -0.328, OR = 0.721). Family situation: family monthly income is mostly the protective factor of LD (B = -0.753, OR = 0.471); LD’s educational level is lower than the control group (χ2 = 20.067, P = 0.000). 【Conclusion】 The dietary composition of breakfast was unreasonable in both groups, and the level of cognition of LD was lower than that of nutritious breakfast. Reasonable selection of breed of breakfast food was significant to improve LD. Unreasonable dietary pattern and breakfast pattern were the important environmental factors leading to LD one.