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当代科学技术的发展主要有两种趋势,一是纵向深入,学科分离越来越专门化;另一是横向跨越,学科串通越来越普遍化。控制论(Cybernetics)属于后者,是一门横向新学科。它是本世纪四十年代末期,在自动调节,通讯技术、电子计算机、近代数学和神经生理学等多学科相互渗透基础上形成的。“控制论”的奠基人N·维纳(Norbert Wiener)把它定义为:在机构、有机体和社会中控制、通讯和调整的科学。“控制论”认为世界由能量、物质和信息三种成份构成,把系统作为研究对象,认为一切系统都是信息系统且都是反馈系统,强调系统内部以及包围它们的介质之间的相互作用和整体联系,强调在运动和发展中考察系统,并建立
There are mainly two kinds of trends in the development of modern science and technology. One is vertical and deepening disciplines, and the more specialized ones are. The other is horizontal leaps and crosses are becoming more and more universal. Cybernetics belongs to the latter and is a horizontal new discipline. It was formed in the late 1940s on the basis of multidisciplinary interdisciplinary processes such as automatic regulation, communication technology, computer science, modern mathematics and neurophysiology. Norbert Wiener, the founder of Cybernetics, defines it as science that controls, communicates, and adjusts in institutions, organisms, and society. Cybernetics holds that the world consists of three components: energy, material and information. Taking the system as the object of study, all systems are considered as information systems and feedback systems, which emphasize the interaction between the system and the medium surrounding them. The overall linkages emphasize the establishment of systems of inspection and observation in sports and development