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摘要：并列连接词and 用来连接句子时，两个句子的意思要有逻辑上的联系。and的几种特殊用法。
关键词：并列连词 and 并列句
Ⅰ. 并列连接词and 用来连接句子时，两个句子的意思要有逻辑上的联系。否则，and 连接的句子就会使人感到难以捉摸或产生歧义。
例如：He lived aboard for many years and Beijing is the capital of our country.
一般来说，and连接的并列句，其次序可以改变而不影响它们在语义上的联系。例如：
He studies at a university and his brother works at a factory. / His brother works at a factory and he studies at a university.
但是，这种可以改变两个句子次序的可能性取决于许多因素，其汇总一个因素就是两个句子之间在意义上的关系。例如，一个并列句之间含有因果关系（cause-result）时，改变了他们的次序就会改变他们之间的逻辑关系。下面两句显然在意义上不相同：He was sick and he took some medicine. He took some medicine and he was sick.
为了方便起见，下面我们只举and连接两个句子的例子，看看它们在语义上的关系：
1.第二句是第一句的结果，句子的次序反映了事件发生的先后。例如：He tried hard and he passed the examination（and=therefore）./My brother was wearing a raincoat，and didn’t get wet.
在rather/very/too 形容词 and的场合下，and往往具有therefore的意思。例如：
He is rather/very/too lazy and there is no chance of his passing.
2.第二句的动作是紧接在第一句动作之后发生的，但没有因果的关系。例如：
1 woke up and I got out of bed（and then）./She washed the dishes and she dried them.
如果两个句子的次序颠倒，那就失去了动作先后次序的含意。因此，即使在颠倒了次序的第二句中用时态表示动作发生在第二句之前，并列句也是不能接受的。不能说：She dried the dishes and she had washed them.
同样含有因果关系的并列句也不能接受：He passed the examination and he had tried hard.
可是，不用连接词and时，这种颠倒了次序的并列句则是可以接受的。例如：
She dried the dishes；she had washed them./He passed the examination；he had tried hard.
3.第二句介绍对比（contrast），含有这种对比的意思时，and可以用but来代替。例如：
He is lazy and his brother is diligent（and=while，in contrast）.
4.第二句对第一句表示惊讶，所以第一句有让步的意思。例如：He tried hard and he failed in the exam（and-and yet）./He was unhappy about it，and he did what he was told.
這儿but也可以代替and，不过用and可以产生修辞效果，强调第二句的内容是没有预料到的。
5.第二句作出和第一句相似的论点。例如：A trade agreement should be no problem，and a cultural exchange could be arranged （and=similarly）.
6.第二句是第一句的补充说明，两句的说明是一致的。例如：John has tong hair and he wears jeans（and=and also）.
以上例句中，3、5、6句的次序可以改变而不改变语义关系。
Ⅱ.and的几种特殊用法
1.祈使句 and
把祈使句换成if从句，用逗号代替and，后面的句子作为主要句子。例如Come early and you will see him.（=If you come early，you will see him.）
用1et开始的祈使句，也可表示条件。如：
Let’s give him some help and he will be able to overcome the difficulties in his studies.（=If we give him some help，he will be able to overcome the difficulties in his studies.）
从以上例句可以看出，这种表示条件的用法，除第一句是祈使句外，第二句中的谓语动词要用将来时态。and之后用其它时态的情况也有：Hesitate，and the chance is gone./Give him a tool and he worked well.
连接词and前面可以是名词，这种句子不但简洁，而且条件意义十分突出。例如：
One more effort and you will succeed.（=If you make one more effort，you will succeed.） 有些谚语中，and连接的句子中的主语可以省略。例如：Give a dog a bad name and hang him：（=If you give a dog a bad name，you may hang him.）欲加之罪，何患无辞。
祈使句 or（or=or else， otherwise否则），例如：Persevere，or you will not succeed.（比较Persevere，and you will succeed.）
2.nice and...后跟形容词，是口语中常用的一种形式，强调其后的形容词，意思等于very例如：The cloth is nice and soft.这布很柔软。类似的用法还有：
Yon are rare and busy now.（=rarely=very）.你现在很忙。
I am good and ready.（good=thoroughly，quite）我完全准备好了。
3.and that用来加强其后的词或词组，that是代词，代表前面整句的意思。例如：
He speaks English and that very veil·他讲英语，而且讲得很好。
The ship was built in less than a year， and that in the midst of the war.这只船在不到一年内造成，而且是在战争期间造的。and that中的that可以省略。例如：
I have lost one sheet of your letter，and the most important sheet.
Something has to be done about it，and Without delay.
和and that相类似的还有and┅at that。例如：
He has lost his umbrella，and a new one at that.他丢了一把伞，而且是一把新伞。
The Price of the coffee was five dollars a pound，and not a very good coffee at that.咖啡的價格是五美元一磅，还不是好的。
4.动词 and 动词
a）在动词go，come，try，stop，run等后跟and再跟不带to的不定式，表示目的，这是口语的习惯用法。例如：
I’11 go and fetch some water.
I’11 try and come tomorrow
I shall write and thank him.
Run and tell him come here at once.
6）第二个动词等于分词，表示伴随情况。例如：
They sat and talked about the good old times.（=They sat talking about the good old times.）/He lies in bed and read.（=He lies in bed reading.） 属于这种用法的动词有sit，stand，lie等。
c）相同的动词用and连接起来，表示继续或重复的动作。例如：The two friends talked and talked and talked.（=They talked for a very long time.）
5、形容词和副词的比较级用and连接起来，表示程度的增加，即"愈来愈..."。例如：
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
某些副词或介词用and连接起来也表示继续或动作的重复。例如：He talked oil on and on./He read the text over and over （again）./They danced round and round the room.
6.名词十and 名词
一个名词用and连接起来重复一次，表示不同类型。例如：
There are books and books.（=There are good and bad books.）
一个名词用and连接起来重复一次以上，表示a large number.例如：There were dogs and dogs and dogs a11 over the place.
还有out-and-out（：thorough-going，utter）放在名词前，表示强调的意思。例如：He is an out-and-out liar.
关键词：并列连词 and 并列句
Ⅰ. 并列连接词and 用来连接句子时，两个句子的意思要有逻辑上的联系。否则，and 连接的句子就会使人感到难以捉摸或产生歧义。
例如：He lived aboard for many years and Beijing is the capital of our country.
一般来说，and连接的并列句，其次序可以改变而不影响它们在语义上的联系。例如：
He studies at a university and his brother works at a factory. / His brother works at a factory and he studies at a university.
但是，这种可以改变两个句子次序的可能性取决于许多因素，其汇总一个因素就是两个句子之间在意义上的关系。例如，一个并列句之间含有因果关系（cause-result）时，改变了他们的次序就会改变他们之间的逻辑关系。下面两句显然在意义上不相同：He was sick and he took some medicine. He took some medicine and he was sick.
为了方便起见，下面我们只举and连接两个句子的例子，看看它们在语义上的关系：
1.第二句是第一句的结果，句子的次序反映了事件发生的先后。例如：He tried hard and he passed the examination（and=therefore）./My brother was wearing a raincoat，and didn’t get wet.
在rather/very/too 形容词 and的场合下，and往往具有therefore的意思。例如：
He is rather/very/too lazy and there is no chance of his passing.
2.第二句的动作是紧接在第一句动作之后发生的，但没有因果的关系。例如：
1 woke up and I got out of bed（and then）./She washed the dishes and she dried them.
如果两个句子的次序颠倒，那就失去了动作先后次序的含意。因此，即使在颠倒了次序的第二句中用时态表示动作发生在第二句之前，并列句也是不能接受的。不能说：She dried the dishes and she had washed them.
同样含有因果关系的并列句也不能接受：He passed the examination and he had tried hard.
可是，不用连接词and时，这种颠倒了次序的并列句则是可以接受的。例如：
She dried the dishes；she had washed them./He passed the examination；he had tried hard.
3.第二句介绍对比（contrast），含有这种对比的意思时，and可以用but来代替。例如：
He is lazy and his brother is diligent（and=while，in contrast）.
4.第二句对第一句表示惊讶，所以第一句有让步的意思。例如：He tried hard and he failed in the exam（and-and yet）./He was unhappy about it，and he did what he was told.
這儿but也可以代替and，不过用and可以产生修辞效果，强调第二句的内容是没有预料到的。
5.第二句作出和第一句相似的论点。例如：A trade agreement should be no problem，and a cultural exchange could be arranged （and=similarly）.
6.第二句是第一句的补充说明，两句的说明是一致的。例如：John has tong hair and he wears jeans（and=and also）.
以上例句中，3、5、6句的次序可以改变而不改变语义关系。
Ⅱ.and的几种特殊用法
1.祈使句 and
把祈使句换成if从句，用逗号代替and，后面的句子作为主要句子。例如Come early and you will see him.（=If you come early，you will see him.）
用1et开始的祈使句，也可表示条件。如：
Let’s give him some help and he will be able to overcome the difficulties in his studies.（=If we give him some help，he will be able to overcome the difficulties in his studies.）
从以上例句可以看出，这种表示条件的用法，除第一句是祈使句外，第二句中的谓语动词要用将来时态。and之后用其它时态的情况也有：Hesitate，and the chance is gone./Give him a tool and he worked well.
连接词and前面可以是名词，这种句子不但简洁，而且条件意义十分突出。例如：
One more effort and you will succeed.（=If you make one more effort，you will succeed.） 有些谚语中，and连接的句子中的主语可以省略。例如：Give a dog a bad name and hang him：（=If you give a dog a bad name，you may hang him.）欲加之罪，何患无辞。
祈使句 or（or=or else， otherwise否则），例如：Persevere，or you will not succeed.（比较Persevere，and you will succeed.）
2.nice and...后跟形容词，是口语中常用的一种形式，强调其后的形容词，意思等于very例如：The cloth is nice and soft.这布很柔软。类似的用法还有：
Yon are rare and busy now.（=rarely=very）.你现在很忙。
I am good and ready.（good=thoroughly，quite）我完全准备好了。
3.and that用来加强其后的词或词组，that是代词，代表前面整句的意思。例如：
He speaks English and that very veil·他讲英语，而且讲得很好。
The ship was built in less than a year， and that in the midst of the war.这只船在不到一年内造成，而且是在战争期间造的。and that中的that可以省略。例如：
I have lost one sheet of your letter，and the most important sheet.
Something has to be done about it，and Without delay.
和and that相类似的还有and┅at that。例如：
He has lost his umbrella，and a new one at that.他丢了一把伞，而且是一把新伞。
The Price of the coffee was five dollars a pound，and not a very good coffee at that.咖啡的價格是五美元一磅，还不是好的。
4.动词 and 动词
a）在动词go，come，try，stop，run等后跟and再跟不带to的不定式，表示目的，这是口语的习惯用法。例如：
I’11 go and fetch some water.
I’11 try and come tomorrow
I shall write and thank him.
Run and tell him come here at once.
6）第二个动词等于分词，表示伴随情况。例如：
They sat and talked about the good old times.（=They sat talking about the good old times.）/He lies in bed and read.（=He lies in bed reading.） 属于这种用法的动词有sit，stand，lie等。
c）相同的动词用and连接起来，表示继续或重复的动作。例如：The two friends talked and talked and talked.（=They talked for a very long time.）
5、形容词和副词的比较级用and连接起来，表示程度的增加，即"愈来愈..."。例如：
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
某些副词或介词用and连接起来也表示继续或动作的重复。例如：He talked oil on and on./He read the text over and over （again）./They danced round and round the room.
6.名词十and 名词
一个名词用and连接起来重复一次，表示不同类型。例如：
There are books and books.（=There are good and bad books.）
一个名词用and连接起来重复一次以上，表示a large number.例如：There were dogs and dogs and dogs a11 over the place.
还有out-and-out（：thorough-going，utter）放在名词前，表示强调的意思。例如：He is an out-and-out liar.