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麦积山石窟在中国佛教石窟中占据着重要地位,历来受到专家学者的关注。本文以2000年8月一10月,笔者在麦积山石窟实地考察记录的194个洞窟实录为基础,对麦积山石窟北朝洞窟运用考古学方法进行了全面分期,并结合历史和佛教史背景,探寻各期形成的原因,希望能对麦积山更深入的研究有所帮助。全文由四部分构成。第一部分引言,回顾了麦积山石窟的发现和前人的研究史,总结了前人的研究成果并发现研究过程中存在的不足之处,指出分期工作是进行深入研究的基础。第二部分窟龛形制与造像,在排除因某些原因不进入石窟排列的洞窟后,将余下洞窟按考古学方法分型定式,共从十四个方面对洞窟进行排列。第三部分分期与年代,将具有相似特征的洞窟进行分组,共分为24组,并将各组归类分为五期,结合史料将各期年代作了推测。第一期大约从北魏孝文帝初年以后至北魏宣武帝正始三年以前,即公元471年至506年左右。第二期大约从北魏正始三年至北魏延昌元年左右,也大致就是张彝担任秦州刺史时期,即公元506年至512年左右。第三期大约从北魏延昌二年以后至北魏分裂之前,即公元513年至534年。第四期大约从西魏初年至西魏恭帝“行周礼,建六官”之制前,即公元535年至556年左右。第五期大约从北周闵帝元年至隋初,即公元557年至581年以后不久。第四部分结语,将具有个别特征的部分洞窟插入各期,用笔者的分期与前人分期作了对照,并探讨了各期洞窟在崖面的分布情况,根据栈道的开凿,开窟的安排是有规律可循的。
Maijishan Grottoes occupy an important place in the Buddhist grottoes in China and have always attracted the attention of experts and scholars. Based on the 194 caves recorded in the field investigation of Maijishan Grottoes from August to October 2000, the author conducted a comprehensive staging of archaeological methods for the cave of the Maijishan Grottoes in the Northern Dynasties. Combining the historical and historical background of Buddhism, , Explore the reasons for the formation of various periods, hoping to help Maijishan more in-depth study. The full text consists of four parts. The first part is a review of the history of Maiji Mountain Grottoes and its predecessors, summarizes the previous research results and finds the shortcomings in the research process. It points out that staging work is the basis for further research. The second part is the niche shape and statues. After excluding the caves which are not arranged in the grottoes for some reason, the remaining caves are arranged according to the archeological method and the caves are arranged in fourteen aspects. The third part of the staging and the era, will have similar characteristics of the cave grouping is divided into 24 groups, and each group is divided into five categories, combined with historical data to speculate the period. The first phase started from the early years of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty to the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty Emperor Xuanwu three years ago, ie 471-550 AD. The second period is about three years from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Wei Yanchang the first year or so, is also roughly Zhang Yi served as governor of Qinzhou period, that is, AD 506 to 512 years. The third period from about two years after the Northern Wei Dynasty Yanchang to Northern Wei before the split, that is, AD 513 to 534 years. The fourth period from the early Western Wei Dynasty to the Western Wei Gong Di “Zhou Li, built six official ” before the system, that is, AD 535 to 556 years. The fifth period from the first year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, that is, AD 557 to 581 shortly after. The fourth part concludes with some characteristics of the part of the cave into each period, with the author’s staging and predecessors staging contrast, and discusses the various stages of the cave in the cliff surface distribution, according to plank path cut, open cave arrangement Is a rule-based.