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呼吸道感染是严重威胁儿童生命健康的最常见的感染性疾病。及时进行呼吸道感染病原体检测有助于精准诊断，减少抗菌药物不合理应用，是控制儿童呼吸道感染最佳临床管理的重要策略。近年来，除传统的染色镜检、培养和抗原检测技术以外，PCR技术、呼吸道症候群检测和宏基因组二代测序技术等亦已用于儿童呼吸道感染病原学诊断，展现出良好的应用前景。本文将对儿童呼吸道感染病原体检测常用样本及检测技术的应用进行论述，以期提高儿童呼吸道感染病原学诊断效率。“,”Currently, the respiratory tract infection (RTI) is still one of the most common disease that seriously threatens children′s life and health. Timely detection of pathogens in clinical specimens of children with RTI is helpful to accurate diagnosis and reduce the irrational usage of antibiotics. It is also an important strategy to achieve the best clinical management of RTI in children. In recent years, in addition to the traditional staining and microscopy, culture and antigen detection, the polymerase chain reaction, syndromic approach testing and metagenomic next-generation sequencing have also been used for the diagnosis of pathogens in children with RTI, showing a good application prospect. This review aims to systematically summarize the classification of clinical specimens and the detection methods of common pathogens in the diagnosis process of childhood respiratory infections. This not only expands the understanding of pediatric medicine, but also provides more enlightenment for related research work.