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作为西方古典功利主义的重要代表,约翰·密尔对功利主义做了很多重要的诠释。他强调心灵快乐重于肉体快乐,快乐的“质”重于“量”。他把幸福放在更加突出的地位,而且尤其重视全体相关者的幸福。在功利主义的约束力上,他看重内在约束,并将这种约束放在人类社会情感的基础之上。对于功利与正义的关系,他则认为正义只是一些社会功利的代名词,正义即社会功利。密尔的这些诠释是富有创见性的,当然,其中也有一些不足之处,西季威克、摩尔、罗尔斯等人对这些缺陷进行了批判和改进。密尔在阐述其功利主义思想时对自由、幸福的理解以及他的思想中所包涵的利他主义倾向对我们的现代社会建设都具有很重要的启发意义。
As an important representative of Western classical utilitarianism, John Mill made many important interpretations of utilitarianism. He emphasized that spiritual happiness is more important than physical happiness, and happy “quality” is more important than “quantity”. He put happiness in a more prominent position, with particular emphasis on the happiness of all those concerned. On utilitarian binding, he values internal restraints and places such restraints on the basis of human social emotions. For the relationship between utilitarianism and justice, he believes that justice is only some synonymous with social utility, and justice is social utility. These interpretations of Mill are innovative and, of course, there are some shortcomings. Critics, such as West Timor, Moore, and Rawls, criticized and improved these defects. Mill’s understanding of freedom and happiness in elaborating his utilitarianism and the tendency of altruism contained in his thought are of great significance to our modern social construction.