迄今无论在理论界还是在企业界,对现代管理学的理解,还常囿于一种传统的观念之中,即认为管理技术是一系列在决策、预测等经营活动中具体的科学方法和理论,而管理则是使用这些方法的过程。这样的观点,常常忽略了这样一个问题:任何管理都是针对系统而言,而系统目的的最优,得靠其功能优化而实现。诚然,具体的管理技术 So far in both the theoretical and business world, the understanding of modern management is often tied to a traditional concept that management technology is a series of specific scientific methods and theories in business activities such as decision making and forecasting. , and management is the process of using these methods. Such a viewpoint often ignores such a problem: any management is for the system, and the optimal purpose of the system depends on the optimization of its functions. True, specific management techniques