自十九世纪初起,历史编纂学开始朝着截然不同的方向发展。德国史学家中所发生的决定性变化,主要是由于对法国的革命和对拿破仑暂时征服德国的反应所引起的。十九世纪期间,大多数的欧洲国家,随着教育的普及,历史这门学科已成为各学校的必修课。大量史学著作第一次出自专业史学家之手。历史编纂学终于成了一种持续不断的、共同合作的专业。前辈史学家们所取得的成就,能被他们的后继者系统地加以利用, Since the early nineteenth century, historiography began to move in a radically different direction. The decisive changes that have taken place among German historians were mainly caused by the French revolution and the reaction to the temporary conquest of Germany by Napoleon. During the nineteenth century, most European countries, with the popularization of education, have become subjects of history in all schools. For the first time, a large number of historical works from the hands of professional historians. Historical compilation has finally become a continuous, co-operation of professional. The achievements made by the older historians can be systematically exploited by their successors,