论文部分内容阅读
过失认定标准是为判断行为人在行为时是否付诸了应有的谨慎而设定的标准。各国侵权法多采用“合理人标准”或“善良家父标准”作为客观化的过失认定标准。由于未成年人心智尚不成熟,属于社会中的弱势群体,应采用特殊的标准判断他们是否具有过失,以体现法律对未成年人的特殊保护。具体而言,未成年人的过失认定标准应当包含对其年龄、经历、智力以及成熟程度等因素的考察,并且对于处在幼年时期的儿童,不应认定其具有过失。但是,如果未成年人主动从事对他人有固有危险的活动,则不能享受法律的特殊保护。本文共分七个部分。第一部分界定了侵权法上“未成年人”的语义;第二部分介绍了主观标准体制与客观标准体制在未成年人过失认定问题上的应用;第三部分分析了未成年人应承担的注意义务的程度;第四部分着重探讨了年龄因素对于认定未成年人过失的影响;第五部分讨论了除年龄外其他需要考察的因素;第六部分结合我国法院的审判实例,提出了构建我国相关制度的思考和建议;第七部分提出了未成年人过失认定标准的立法或司法解释建议,并以此作为全文的结语。本文在对各国法律所采方法进行比较研究的基础上,提出了较为全面、合理的未成年人过失认定标准,以期为我国侵权责任立法及后续的司法解释提供有价值的参考意见。
The standard of negligence is to set the standard to judge whether the behavior has been due cautious. In many countries, the law of infringement often adopts the standard of “reasonable person” or “goodness of father” to be the objective standard of negligence. As juveniles are not yet mentally mature and belong to the disadvantaged groups in society, special standards should be adopted to judge whether they are faulty or not to reflect the special protection of minors by law. Specifically, the criteria for determining the negligence of minors should include an examination of their age, experience, intelligence and degree of maturity, and should not be regarded as faultless to children in their infancy. However, minors are not entitled to special protection under the law if they take the initiative to engage in activities that are inherently dangerous to others. This article is divided into seven parts. The first part defines the semantics of “juvenile ” in tort law; the second part introduces the application of subjective standard system and objective standard system on the identification of juvenile negligence; the third part analyzes the application of minors The fourth part focuses on the impact of age on the identification of minors' negligence. The fifth part discusses other factors besides age. The sixth part puts forward the construction of our country's courts. China's relevant system of thinking and recommendations; the seventh part of the proposed criteria for the recognition of minor neglect of legislation or judicial recommendations, and as a conclusion of the full text. Based on a comparative study of the methods adopted by various countries, this paper puts forward a more comprehensive and reasonable standard for identifying the minor negligence, in order to provide valuable reference for the legislation of our tort liability and the subsequent judicial interpretation.