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为把理性推到公共生活的前台,我们也不吝对理性本身做一个稍稍细致的检讨。什么是理性?对个人而言,它是利己的算计;对企业而言,它是对企业利益的算计;对社会而言,它是人们互利的算计。在自由竞争的前提下,利己的算计和互利的算计可以统一起来;个人的利益最大化和社会的福利最大化可以统一起来。这几句话,可以说是全部古典和新古典经济学关于理性假说的核心内容。这是一个“美妙”的和谐理论,但也留下了被人们广泛批评的巨大空间。对理性假说做出系统批判的经济学家有阿罗、阿马蒂亚.森和赫伯特.西蒙(均为诺贝尔经济学奖获得者)等,其中最具颠覆性的批判来自阿罗。
In order to put reason into the forefront of public life, we also make a very careful review of reason itself. What is rational? For individuals, it is a calculation of self-interest; for enterprises, it is the calculation of business interests; for the community, it is a calculation of mutual benefit. Under the premise of free competition, the calculation of self-interest and the calculation of mutual benefit can be unified; the maximization of individual interests and the welfare of society can be unified. These few words can be said that the core content of the rational hypothesis of all classical and neoclassical economics. This is a “wonderful” theory of harmony, but it leaves a huge space for widespread criticism. Economists who systematically criticize the rational hypothesis include Arrow, Amartya Sen, and Herbert Simon (all winners of the Nobel Prize for Economics), among which the most disruptive critiques come from Arrow .