多数经济学家都认为拉丁美洲有必要进行改革。除50年代进口替代出现的偏差以外,拉美在70年代还受到了向世界经济不对称开放的损失。这种不对称开放的特征就是金融资本大量流入,而贸易的渗透很有限。那些资本流量使拉美各国得到维持定值过高的汇率,同时向膨胀的国营经济成分提供资金。财政上的扭曲造成大量赤字,而慷慨的补贴则损害了市场信号。在政府的诸多失败中,最明显的要数公营企业的损失最大。 Most economists think there is a need for reform in Latin America. In addition to the discrepancies in import substitution in the 1950s, Latin America also suffered from the loss of opening up to the world economic asymmetry in the 1970s. This asymmetric opening-up is characterized by large inflows of financial capital, while trade infiltration is limited. Those capital flows have allowed Latin American countries to maintain their overvalued exchange rates while funding the expanding state-run economy. Financial distortions caused large deficits, while generous subsidies hurt market signals. Among the many failures of the government, the most obvious are the losses of public enterprises.