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Cofilin is an actin-binding protein and a major actin depolymerization factor in the brain.Cofilin and actin form rod structure that has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders.However, how cofilin rods induce pathological effects in the brain remains unclear.Our recent study has shown that the formation of cofilin rods disrupted dendritic microtubule integrity in rat hippocampal cultures.Long-term time-lapse imaging revealed that cofilin rods block intracellular transport, including the trafficking of both early endosomes and mitochondria.