论文部分内容阅读
一马克思主义关于古代东方农村公社的学说马克思、恩格斯对古代东方的农村公社问题,非常注意。所谓古代东方,就是指埃及、巴比伦、印度等等国家而言,也包括中国在内。古代东方的奴隶制社会,有所区别于希腊、罗马世界的奴隶制社会。古代希腊、罗马的奴隶制社会是一种类型,它的奴隶制度达到了最高发展阶段。古代东方国家的奴隶制社会是另一种类型,奴隶的数目比较小,奴隶以外更多的生产劳动者是自由的农村公社的农民。这只是就大体而言。但是,必须说明,不论是古代东方各族人民还是古代希腊人和罗马人,都生活在奴隶社会的条件之下。马克思主义的经典著作里曾经这样地注意了古代东方的农村公社问题:
A Marxist Theory of the Ancient Oriental Rural Commune Marx and Engels paid great attention to the problems of the rural communes in the ancient East. The so-called ancient East, refers to Egypt, Babylon, India and so on countries, including China. The slavery society in the ancient East differs from the slavery society in Greece and Rome. Ancient Greece, Rome's slavery society is a type, its slavery reached the highest stage of development. The slavery society of the ancient Eastern countries was another type, the number of slaves was relatively small, and more productive laborers outside of slaves were peasants of free rural communes. This is only general. However, it must be stated that both the ancient peoples of the East and the ancient Greeks and Romans live under the conditions of a slave society. In the classic Marxist writings, we once paid attention to the problems of the rural communes in the ancient East: