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在过去几十年里,西方国家见证了刑事法的扩张过程,以及由此导致的刑事司法系统疲于应对大量轻微违法的现状。为了赢得与过度犯罪化和犯罪趋势的增长这场战争,全世界的法学家都在力求通过去罪化解决过度犯罪化这个古老而麻烦的问题。中国,这个正在发展中的东方巨人,过去和现在都在尝试仅将严重的违法行为规定为犯罪。不像那些扩展了刑法渊源的法令、条例规定的西方国家,中国把中华人民共和国刑法作为惩罚犯罪的唯一依据。对于严重犯罪的概念,中国将民事违法和行政违法行为去罪化,只有达到犯罪化要求所规定的定性和定量标准的严重违法行为才是犯罪。中国刑法把犯罪定义为严重违法行为,并且清楚地说明了轻微违法行为不是犯罪。这些轻微违法行为被(作者)划分为治安违法、行政违法、纪律违法行为,按照行政程序处理,而不是刑事程序处理。借助于跨国视角下的犯罪定义不同模式进行比较,本文揭示了中国刑事司法系统去罪化的深远意义。借助于实证调研,中国的去罪化经验反映了未来全球刑事司法改革的方向,这些措施值得西方国家学习。
In the past few decades, Western countries have witnessed the expansion of criminal law and the resulting criminal justice system struggling with a large number of minor violations of the status quo. To win the war with over-criminalization and the growth of criminal trends, jurists around the world are striving to address the ancient, troubling issue of over-criminalization through decriminalization. China, an evolving East giant, has and still attempts to criminalize only serious offenses. Unlike those Western countries that have expanded the statutory provisions of the criminal law, the regulations stipulate that the PRC criminal law of the People’s Republic of China is the only basis for punishing crimes. As for the concept of serious crimes, China decriminalizes civil and administrative violations, and only serious violations that meet the qualitative and quantitative criteria stipulated in the criminalization requirements are criminalized. Chinese criminal law defines crime as a serious offense and clearly shows that minor offenses are not criminal. These minor violations are classified by the author into law and order violations, administrative violations and disciplinary violations, which are handled according to administrative procedures rather than criminal procedures. With the comparison of different models of crime definition from a transnational perspective, this article reveals the far-reaching significance of the decriminalization of China’s criminal justice system. With empirical research, China’s experience of decriminalization reflects the future direction of global criminal justice reform, and these measures deserve to be learned by Western countries.