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在英语表达中,祈使句因其简短有力、语气强烈而被广泛运用。它是一种用来表示请求、命令、希望、邀请或建议等意思的句式,其主语you通常省略,句首用动词原形,句末用句号或感叹号。例如:
Put away your things, please.
请收拾好你的东西。
问:那祈使句任何时候都不用主语吗?
答:不,有时为了明确是向谁发出指令、邀请等,可以在句中加上一定的称呼语。例如:
Clark, don’t listen to music in the classroom.
克拉克,不要在教室里听音乐。
Jack, do your homework after school.
杰克,放学后做家庭作业。
问:常见的祈使句的句型结构主要有哪几种?
答:祈使句的结构主要有以下四种:
A. 命令类:由“行为动词+宾语+其它成分”构成。例如:
Practice your guitar every morning.
每天早晨练习吉他。
Listen to the teacher carefully, please.
请细心地听老师讲课。
B. 静态类:由“Be +表语(名词、形容词)+ 其它成分”构成。例如:
Be a good student.
做个好学生。
C.使役类:由“Let +人称代词宾格+ 动词原形+其它成分”构成。例如:
Let me have a piece of cake.
让我吃块蛋糕吧。
Let’s have a rest.
咱们休息一会儿吧。
D. 请求类:由“Please +实义动词原形 +宾语+其它成分”构成,please也可放在句末,其前用逗号与前面的句子隔开。例如:
Please come in. (= Come in, please.)
请进。
问:祈使句的否定形式又有哪几种结构呢?
答:祈使句的结构不同,故否定的形式也不同,常见的有以下三种:
⑴ 用don’t构成:A、B、D类的祈使句,请在句首加个don’t。例如:
Please don’t be late for school tomorrow.
=Don’t be late for school tomorrow, please.
明天上学请不要迟到。
Don’t look at the picture in the class.
在课上不要看图画。
Please don’t come in.
请不要进来。
⑵ 用not构成:C类祈使句的否定形式常是“Let +宾语 +not + 动词原形+其它成分”;也可在let前加don’t,但注意语意上的区别。例如:
Let him not go home.
让他别回家。
Don’t let him go home.
别让他回家。
⑶ 用no构成:这种否定形式多用于公共提示语,表示“禁止”,警示人们不许做某事,no后多是名词或动名词。例如:
No entry!
不准入内!
No smoking!
禁止吸烟!
No parking!
禁止停放车辆!
问:在使用祈使句时还有什么需要注意的吗?
答:使用时还有两点需要注意:
⑴ 祈使句中的动词(或动词词组)有时可以省略。例如:
(Come) This way, please.
请这边走。
(Bring me) A bottle of milk, please.
请给我一瓶牛奶。
⑵ 有时为了表示强调,也可以在祈使句句首加上do。例如:
Do read loudly!
务必大声朗读!
Do come and help me!
务必来帮我!
练习:
一、 将下列句子改为祈使句。
1. You must look after your things!
_____ _____your things, please.
2. Could you help me take these bags to my car?
_____ _____bags to my car.
3. Can I have a look at your sneakers?
_____ _____have a look at your sneakers.
4. We go there together.
_____ _____there together.
5. You can’t play football in the classroom.
_____ _____football in the classroom.
二、 根据上句内容,完成下句,使上下两句意义连贯。
1. This is Tony’s uniform.
Give_____ to_____, please.
2. I can’t find my guitar.
_____ _____. I can help you find it.
3. That river is too deep(深).
__________swim in that river! It’s dangerous.
4. Oh, it’s half past five now.
___________________home.
5. Miss Green is teaching us English now.
___________________in class!
三、 改错,下列各句均有一处错误,请指出并改正。
1. Don’t let’s go there with him.
2. Don’t please run in the classroom.
3. Let me to take the heavy box there.
4. Please to give me the book.
5. Not arrive late for class.
Key:
一、1. Look after2. Take these 3. Let me4. Let’s go 5. Don’t play
二、1. it, Tony/ him 2. Don’t worry 3. Don’t 4. Let’s go 5. Don’t talk
三、1. Don’t let’s →Let’s not 2. Don’t please → Please don’t 3. 去掉to
4. 去掉to5. Not → Don’t
Put away your things, please.
请收拾好你的东西。
问:那祈使句任何时候都不用主语吗?
答:不,有时为了明确是向谁发出指令、邀请等,可以在句中加上一定的称呼语。例如:
Clark, don’t listen to music in the classroom.
克拉克,不要在教室里听音乐。
Jack, do your homework after school.
杰克,放学后做家庭作业。
问:常见的祈使句的句型结构主要有哪几种?
答:祈使句的结构主要有以下四种:
A. 命令类:由“行为动词+宾语+其它成分”构成。例如:
Practice your guitar every morning.
每天早晨练习吉他。
Listen to the teacher carefully, please.
请细心地听老师讲课。
B. 静态类:由“Be +表语(名词、形容词)+ 其它成分”构成。例如:
Be a good student.
做个好学生。
C.使役类:由“Let +人称代词宾格+ 动词原形+其它成分”构成。例如:
Let me have a piece of cake.
让我吃块蛋糕吧。
Let’s have a rest.
咱们休息一会儿吧。
D. 请求类:由“Please +实义动词原形 +宾语+其它成分”构成,please也可放在句末,其前用逗号与前面的句子隔开。例如:
Please come in. (= Come in, please.)
请进。
问:祈使句的否定形式又有哪几种结构呢?
答:祈使句的结构不同,故否定的形式也不同,常见的有以下三种:
⑴ 用don’t构成:A、B、D类的祈使句,请在句首加个don’t。例如:
Please don’t be late for school tomorrow.
=Don’t be late for school tomorrow, please.
明天上学请不要迟到。
Don’t look at the picture in the class.
在课上不要看图画。
Please don’t come in.
请不要进来。
⑵ 用not构成:C类祈使句的否定形式常是“Let +宾语 +not + 动词原形+其它成分”;也可在let前加don’t,但注意语意上的区别。例如:
Let him not go home.
让他别回家。
Don’t let him go home.
别让他回家。
⑶ 用no构成:这种否定形式多用于公共提示语,表示“禁止”,警示人们不许做某事,no后多是名词或动名词。例如:
No entry!
不准入内!
No smoking!
禁止吸烟!
No parking!
禁止停放车辆!
问:在使用祈使句时还有什么需要注意的吗?
答:使用时还有两点需要注意:
⑴ 祈使句中的动词(或动词词组)有时可以省略。例如:
(Come) This way, please.
请这边走。
(Bring me) A bottle of milk, please.
请给我一瓶牛奶。
⑵ 有时为了表示强调,也可以在祈使句句首加上do。例如:
Do read loudly!
务必大声朗读!
Do come and help me!
务必来帮我!
练习:
一、 将下列句子改为祈使句。
1. You must look after your things!
_____ _____your things, please.
2. Could you help me take these bags to my car?
_____ _____bags to my car.
3. Can I have a look at your sneakers?
_____ _____have a look at your sneakers.
4. We go there together.
_____ _____there together.
5. You can’t play football in the classroom.
_____ _____football in the classroom.
二、 根据上句内容,完成下句,使上下两句意义连贯。
1. This is Tony’s uniform.
Give_____ to_____, please.
2. I can’t find my guitar.
_____ _____. I can help you find it.
3. That river is too deep(深).
__________swim in that river! It’s dangerous.
4. Oh, it’s half past five now.
___________________home.
5. Miss Green is teaching us English now.
___________________in class!
三、 改错,下列各句均有一处错误,请指出并改正。
1. Don’t let’s go there with him.
2. Don’t please run in the classroom.
3. Let me to take the heavy box there.
4. Please to give me the book.
5. Not arrive late for class.
Key:
一、1. Look after2. Take these 3. Let me4. Let’s go 5. Don’t play
二、1. it, Tony/ him 2. Don’t worry 3. Don’t 4. Let’s go 5. Don’t talk
三、1. Don’t let’s →Let’s not 2. Don’t please → Please don’t 3. 去掉to
4. 去掉to5. Not → Don’t