过去十年以来,最激烈的商业竞争并不是在自由贸易与保护主义之间的斗争,也不是劳资之间的斗争或者微软公司与其他所有企业之间的竞争;最激烈的竞争是领导层与管理层之间的竞争。领导层获得了最终的胜利——但是这种胜利却付出了沉重的代价。哈佛商学院的 Abraham Zaleznik 在其1977年发表的经典论文《管理者与领导者:他们有何不同?》一文中明确指出了这种区别。Zaleznik 教授宣称,“管理者与领导者 The fiercest commercial competition in the past ten years is not the struggle between free trade and protectionism nor the struggle between employers and employees or the competition between Microsoft and all other businesses. The most intense competition is between leadership and Competition among management. The leadership won the final victory - but this victory paid a heavy price. Abraham Zaleznik of Harvard Business School made this distinction clear in his 1977 classic paper, “Managers and Leaders: What’s the Difference?” Professor Zaleznik declared that "managers and leaders