现代化是指人类社会从工业革命以来所经历的一场急剧变革。它包括三个层面:经济发展是物质的层面;政治发展是制度的层面;思想文化发展是社会变革的深度层面。中国的现代化进程是从鸦片战争以后开始的。鸦片战争前,中国社会发展远远落后于资本主义先进国家。鸦片战争使封闭型的 Modernization refers to the drastic change that human society has experienced since the Industrial Revolution. It includes three levels: economic development is the material level; political development is the system level; and ideological and cultural development is the deep level of social change. The process of China’s modernization began after the Opium War. Before the Opium War, China’s social development lags far behind the advanced capitalist countries. The Opium War closed