An optical time-domain differentiation scheme is proposed and demonstrated based on the intensive differential group delay in a high birefringence fibre waveguide. Results show that the differentiation waveforms agree well with the mathematically calculated derivatives. Both error and efficiency will increase when the birefringence fibre becomes longer, and the error rises up more quickly while the efficiency approaches to a maximum of ～0.25. By using a 1-m birefringence fibre a lower error of ～0.26% is obtained with an efficiency of 1% for the first-order differentiation of 10-ps Gaussian optical pulses, and the high-order optical differentiation up to 4th order is achieved with an error less than 3%. Due to its compact structure being easy to integrate and cascade into photonic circuits, our scheme has great potential for ultrafast signal processing. An optical time-domain differentiation scheme is proposed and demonstrated based on the intensive differential group delay in a high birefringence fiber waveguide. Both error and efficiency will increase when the birefringence fiber becomes longer, and the error rises up more quickly while the efficiency approaches to a maximum of ~ 0.25. By using a 1-m birefringence fiber a lower error of ~ 0.26% is obtained with an efficiency of 1% for the first-order differentiation of 10-ps Gaussian optical pulses, and the high-order optical differentiation up to 4th order is achieved with an error less than 3%. Due to its compact structure being easy to integrate and cascade into photonic circuits, our scheme has great potential for ultrafast signal processing.