Objective To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Rubus parvifolius. Methods The chemical constituents were extracted and purified by silica gel column chromatography. NMR spectra were used for structural identification. Results Phytochemical study on the roots of R. parvifolius led to the isolation of one ceramide(1), two anthraquinones(2 and 3), four triterpenoids(4-7), two flavonoids(8 and 9), one fatty acid ester(10), and two sterols(11 and 12). Conclusion Compound 1 is isolated from the plants of family Rosaceae for the first time, and compounds 2-5 are isolated from genus Rubus for the first time. Though R. parvifolius shares the same major chemical types(triterpenoid, flavonoid, and anthraquinone) with those of R. alceaefolius, a substituent of R. parvifolius, their individual constituents are different. In addition, R. parvifolius contains ceramide(1) with high concentration, while caffeoylquinic acid reported in R. alceaefolius has not been found in R. parvifolius. Furthermore, the results from our phytochemical study are consistent with the DNA phylogenic relationship between R. parvifolius and R. alceaefolius(two separated subgenera), suggesting that the substitution of the former species with the latter one in folk medicine might not be suitable.