受现代新儒家重要代表牟宗三的影响,台港学人往往以康德的思路研究孟子,认为康德和孟子异代同心,其伦理思想相差无几,甚至孟子在许多地方还超过了康德。这种学风近年来在大陆学者中间也日渐盛行。我们认为,孟子与康德之间虽有不少相似之处,但也存有相当大的差距,分别代表着两种不同的伦理思想。康德代表的是西方传统的理性伦理,孟子代表的则是儒家的心学伦理,根据孔孟思想的内在联系,我们称之为仁性伦理,这二者决非同类。本文仅对孟子仁性伦理与康德理性伦理的不同特点,作一个初步的分疏。 Influenced by Mou Zongsan, an important representative of modern Neo-Confucianism, scholars of Taiwan and Hong Kong often studied Mencius with Kant’s thought. They thought Kant and Mencius were different in congeniality and their ethic thoughts were similar. Even Mencius overtook Kant in many places. In recent years, this style of study has also become increasingly prevalent among mainland scholars. In our opinion, although there are many similarities between Mencius and Kant, there are also quite a few disparities, each representing two different ethical ideas. Kant represents the traditional Western rational ethics, while Mencius represents the Confucian psychology. According to the internal relations between Confucius and Mencius, we call it benevolence ethics, which are by no means the same. This article only makes a preliminary separation of the different characteristics of Mencius’s benevolent ethics and Kant’s rational ethics.