目的：探讨重庆市璧山区5岁以下儿童死亡的原因，并根据实际情况提出相应干预措施。方法：本研究对2010-2014年期间重庆市璧山区发生死亡的5岁以下儿童的临床资料进行回顾性分析，观察引起5岁以下儿童死亡的主要原因，并提出相应防范措施。结果： 285例5岁以下死亡儿童中，新生儿有107例，占37.5%；婴幼儿有81例，占28.4%；1-5岁儿童有97例，占34.0%。新生儿的死亡率最高。285例5岁以下死亡儿童中，先天性心脏病45例，占15.8%；溺水38例，占13.3%；肺炎34例，占11.9%；出生窒息25例，占8.8%；早产和低出生体重24例，占8.4%；其他呼吸系统疾病21例，占7.4%；其他先天异常11例，占3.9%；交通意外11例，占3.9%。先天性心脏病、溺水及肺炎、出生窒息为5岁以下儿童的主要死亡原因。结论：对5岁以下儿童死亡的原因进行分析，并积极采取防范措施对降低儿童的意外死亡率具有重要意义 Objective: To investigate the causes of death of children under 5 years of age in Bishan District of Chongqing Municipality and put forward corresponding interventions according to the actual situation. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of children under 5 years of age who died during the period of 2010-2014 in Bishan District, Chongqing City. Observe the main causes of death of children under 5 years old and put forward corresponding preventive measures. Results: Among 285 deaths under 5 years of age, 107 were newborns (37.5%), 81 (28.4%) were infants, and 97 (1-5%) were children (34.0%). Neonatal mortality is highest. 285 cases of children under 5 years of age, 45 cases of congenital heart disease, accounting for 15.8%; 38 cases of drowning, accounting for 13.3%; 34 cases of pneumonia, accounting for 11.9%; birth asphyxia 25 cases, accounting for 8.8%; premature birth and low birth weight 24 cases, accounting for 8.4%; 21 cases of other respiratory diseases, accounting for 7.4%; other congenital anomalies in 11 cases, accounting for 3.9%; traffic accidents in 11 cases, accounting for 3.9%. Congenital heart disease, drowning and pneumonia, birth asphyxia are the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Analyzing the causes of death among children under 5 years of age and taking proactive preventive measures are important in reducing the accidental mortality in children