众所周知,发展之作为新近产生的社会愿望,不过是人们长期以来谋求改善生活的愿望的另一种表现。这种愿望大概在十八世纪出现的自然神论和共和主义社团的思想中得到了最充分的体现。这种思想所主张的进步,就是认为通过适当地、系统地运用理想性,可以改善 It is a well-known fact that development, as a newly created social aspiration, is but another manifestation of the long-awaited desire of people to improve their lives. This desire was best reflected in the ideology of deism and republican associations that emerged in the eighteenth century. The advancement advocated by this ideology is the belief that the proper use of ideals can improve