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马克思的哲学思想是从经济学的研究中引申出来的,其直接背景是人类的物质生产实践。恩格斯《在马克思墓前的讲话》简要地表述了历史唯物主义的基本原理:“正像达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样,马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律,即历来为繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实:人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿,然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等”。这是历史唯物主义的公理、大律。马克思考察了人类的近代文明(工业)之后,同时发现了人类心理(精神文明)与人类工业(物质文明),在生产实践中,形成了一种对应结构,“工业的历史和工业的已经产生的对象性的存在,是一本打开了的关于人的本质力量的书,是感性地摆在我们面前的人的心理学”。①“工业的历史”及其对象性存在,不仅仅是一种物质文明,而且还是一种精神文明——一种客体化了的“心理结构”。人类的精神文明(包括艺术、科学)都只不过是物质文
Marx’s philosophy is derived from the study of economics, and its direct background is the practice of material production of mankind. Engels’s Speech to Marx’s Tomb briefly expounds the basic principle of historical materialism: “Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of the organic world, Marx discovered the law of development of human history that has always been masked by the lush and complicated ideology A simple fact: People must first eat, drink, live and wear before they can engage in politics, science, art, religion, etc. ” This is the axiom of historical materialism and the law. After examining the modern civilization (industry) of mankind, Marx discovered both human psychic (spiritual civilization) and human industry (material civilization) and in production practice, formed a corresponding structure, “the history of industry and the emergence of industry The existence of the object of sex is an open book about the essential forces of human beings and the psychology of people who are sensibly placed before us. The existence of ”industrial history“ and its objectality is not merely a material civilization, but also a spiritual civilization - an objective ”psychological structure." Human spiritual civilization (including art, science) are nothing more than material texts