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调查研究的设计可划分为统计设计和业务设计两部分。抽样方法,样本大小、统计分析等属前者。后者主要包括调查对象设计、观察因素设计、效应和观察指标的设计。设置对照与分组方案、均衡设计、误差的控制、观察记录标准化、调查质量的控制等项目虽与统计学有联系,但这些主要是以业务技术内容为基础。调查对象设计:多数研究以个体为观察单位。有些相关研究,例如土壤与水的化学成分与食管癌分布的相关研究,则以县或乡为观察
The design of surveys and studies can be divided into statistical design and business design. The sampling method, sample size, and statistical analysis are the former. The latter mainly includes the design of survey objects, the design of observation factors, the design of effects and observation indicators. Settings such as comparison and grouping schemes, balanced design, control of errors, standardization of observation records, and control of investigation quality are related to statistics, but these are mainly based on business technical content. Survey object design: Most studies use individuals as observation units. Some related studies, such as the correlation between the chemical composition of soil and water and the distribution of esophageal cancer, have been observed in counties or townships.